Narcissistic Personality | Personality Couch

Ep 54: Antisocial vs Narcissistic Personality | What's the Difference?

Tue, 19 May 2026 02:00:01 +0000

🎬In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) explore the distinctions between antisocial personality and narcissistic personality by analyzing DSM diagnoses, Stones’ Spectrum of Dark Personalities, and subtypes from Dr. Theodore Millon like: Reputation-Defending Devious, Exploitative Egotist, and the Unprincipled Narcissist.

⚠️Note: this podcast does not constitute a professional relationship. If you’re in need of professional help, please seek out appropriate resources in your area. ⚠️

Antisocial Personality vs. Narcissistic Personality

Tue, 19 May 2026 02:00:00 +0000

Antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder are tough to differentiate because they often overlap, yet have separate and distinct characteristics¹ ² ³ ⁴. Additionally, narcissism does not have to be at a level of personality disorder. Narcissism is also a trait⁵ ² ³. Further, antisocial does not have to be at a level of disordered personality. Antisocial can simply be behaviors⁶ ² ⁴. It can get quite confusing, so let’s dive into the similarities and differences of antisocial and narcissistic dynamics.

Antisocial and Narcisstic in the DSM¹

In the DSM-5-TR, antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder do not have any criteria that overtly overlap. However, antisocial personality disorder’s associated features include arrogance, charm, and lack of empathy - all of which are part of narcissistic personality disorder. Also, the DSM-5-TR specifically notes both share traits such as being “tough-minded, glib, superficial, exploitative, and unempathic.” However, antisocials are more impulsive, aggressive, deceitful, and indifferent, with a history of conduct disorder and possible adult criminality. Whereas, narcissists are more envious, needing more admiration from others and being more sensitive to others’ criticism and reactions. They usually don’t have conduct disorder or adult criminality. Overall, it seems that antisocial personality disorder exudes the more severe behavior of narcissistic personality disorder…which aligns with Michael Stone’s work below.

Stone’s Spectrum⁴ & Hare’s Checklist⁶

Michael Stone’s spectrum of negative personality includes both narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders, sandwiching malignant narcissism⁴. (See Episode 27: What’s Worse Than a Narcissist? The Baddest of Them All and its corresponding blog for more in depth information). Understanding malignant narcissism is helpful to see the overlap between narcissistic and antisocial. Malignant narcissism was coined by Otto Kernberg² (super cool and smart psychiatrist) who defined it as a narcissistic core, antisocial behavior, paranoid orientation, and aggression/sadism² ⁴. You can find more about Kernberg’s malignant narcissism here. Pulling in another theory, Robert Hare, a forensic psychologist who studies psychopathy, created a Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) that originally had two factors⁶. Guess what?! One factor correlates with narcissistic personality disorder and the other correlates with antisocial personality disorder⁶ ³ 🤜🫳🎤! …But that’s not even the best way to understand the differences between the two. For that, I like Millon’s theory.

Millon’s Passive Narcissist vs. Active Antisocial³

There’s no question that narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders can be hard to differentiate. Antisocial overlaps most frequently with narcissistic and sadistic personalities; and narcissistic overlaps most with antisocial and histrionic personalities. They are both exploitative, unempathetic, and self-focused, turning to the self to fulfill their needs and find gratification. But how are they different? It’s mostly their difference in adapting to life. Antisocials are active, focusing on modifying their environment, whereas narcissists are passive, focusing on finding accommodations. Narcissists have a passive, core belief of superiority and entitlement. They think, “Things should just come to me, because I’m great and deserve great things.” Antisocials are active in that they work for their superiority. They think, “I got ripped off in life so I have to take what I’m owed. I deserve more because life dealt me a bad hand.”

Millon’s Narcissistic & Antisocial Overlapping Subtypes³

Remember how antisocial overlaps most with narcissistic and sadistic, and narcissistic overlaps most with antisocial and histrionic? Millon has a few subtypes that showcase this. The Reputation-Defending Devious is an antisocial personality with narcissistic and sadistic features. They pursue status and reputation, a seemingly narcissistic venture; however, they do so for power, not image. And, they actively take what they feel they are owed, not just passively feeling it should be provided to them. They present as tough, invincible, and unconquerable, often showing up at the “top” of their group, be it Wall Street, business, gangs, politics, etc.

The Exploitative Egotist is a narcissistic personality with antisocial and histrionic features. In their superiority pursuit, they attempt to gain self-worth by seducing others in games of sexual exploits, which only last a day to a few weeks because it’s a very shallow intimacy. They are a phony type of confident and cleverly deceptive, acting without conscience because they are obviously above everything. They can’t put the money where their mouth is, yet fear being exposed because of their underlying inadequacy.

The Unprincipled Narcissist is a narcissistic personality with antisocial features. They present with shallow charm and false toughness, which easily cracks to show the arrogant amorality underneath. They enjoy the dynamics of exploiting others before others do it to them, contemptuously conning others and being vindictive. They expect to be treated as special, still maintaining the core of narcissistic passive entitlement.

There’s a couple more I found helpful to understand. Though not a mixture of narcissistic and antisocial, Millon states that the Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Disorder tries to compensate for deprivations in childhood (like the antisocial), but they try to create an image of superiority instead of actively taking power. Personally, I had trouble understanding how the Covetous Aggrandizing (antisocial) did NOT overlap with narcissistic personality. The Covetous Antisocial takes and takes and takes, sometimes displaying what they take in ostentatious ways. It sounds narcissistic, but because they actively acquire their possessions and power, and because they are never satiated, they are the prototypical antisocial personality.

In sum, antisocials and narcissists are self-focused, unempathetic, and exploitative. If I were to use my own words to describe the main difference between both, I would say: Antisocials don’t give a 💩 and actively take power, but narcissists are sensitive to ego wounds and passively feel they should be provided their needs. In real life, there aren’t textbook-clear divisions of antisocials and narcissists, and malignant narcissism may be the grey area in-between.

It’s hard to parse all this out! If you want to better understand these dynamics in yourself or others, therapy and/or psychological testing can help! If you’re in Virginia (or a PsyPact state), check out our private practice, Quest Psychological and Counseling Services for available services. If you’re a provider stuck on a case, we also offer consultations for mental health professionals!

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR (5th edition, text revision.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 ↩︎ ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM / ICD spectrum from normal to abnormal (3rd edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Stone, M. H. (2018). The place of psychopathy along the spectrum of negative personality types. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 54(1), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2017.1420376 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Akhtar, S. (1992). Broken structures: Severe personality disorders and their treatment. Jason Aronson, Inc. ↩︎
Hare, R. D., Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Newman, J. P. (1990). The revised Psychopathy Checklist: Reliability and factor structure. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 338-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.3.338 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

Ep 28: The Post Pandemic Narcissist | Unmasking Paranoid Personality

Tue, 20 May 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of The Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) reveal the complex, dangerous, and often misdiagnosed Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD). We discuss the rising prevalence of PPD in the post-pandemic world, the clinical challenges in identifying and treating these individuals, and the critical differences between Paranoid Personalities and narcissism. We believe you’re seeing more of these types in your circles as well, and we want you to be equipped with knowledge so you can best protect yourself! Thus, we unpack not only the DSM-5-TR characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder, but we also reveal our clinical experience with these types. We include common themes such as: lack of trust, severe gastrointestinal issues, sadomasochism, medical self-sabotage, shedding identities, and the paranoid character’s unique relationship with aggression towards the same-sex. We reveal why we think this type is popping up even more in our circles, what the pandemic had to do with it, and how you can identify these types to keep yourself safe!

Paranoid Personality: The Post-Pandemic Narcissist?

Tue, 20 May 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Unlike Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder isn’t talked about much, and there’s definitely not as much research on paranoid personalities in comparison to narcissism. Perhaps this is due to paranoid personalities’ tendency to avoid treatment because they can’t trust others. BUT post-pandemic, there has been a resurgence of paranoid personalities in clinical settings and in general. So, it’s actually something we need to talk about because paranoid personalities can be dangerous, and they can hide in plain sight.

Image by Christer Andreasson

Why You Need to Understand Paranoid Personality

Paranoid personalities are much more likely to be a danger to others than to themselves,¹ mostly due to their main defense mechanism of projection. They want others to hold their pain, and they blame others for their own yucky stuff (e.g., “I’m not angry. You’re the one who’s angry”). They can move all around the drama triangle quickly and intensely: First they’re the victim…then they’re the villain, but also the victim…but they rescue you so they can’t be the villain… but obviously they’re the victim. This can happen all in the same breath. It can drive you insane and make you question reality. So, they are often cloaked as narcissists, but underneath their trenchcoat, there’s a fear of being destroyed (not the narcissistic fear of being exposed), which means they will attack first, so they are not attacked. It can be dangerous.

Photo by Danne

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder? (DSM-5-TR Criteria)

Paranoid Personality Disorder is in the odd and eccentric (Cluster A) category in the DSM, overlapping more with the introverted and withdrawn dynamics of Schizoid and Schizotypal than the Cluster B personality disorders that demand an audience for their dramatics. There has to be a pervasive, consistent pattern of distrust and suspicion that others’ motives are malevolent. The DSM-5-TR notes that 4 or more out of 7 criteria need to be met for the diagnosis of Paranoid Personality Disorder.²

They believe, without evidence, that others are out to get them (criterion 1), reading neutral statements and events as demeaning or threatening (criterion 4). Because they think others are dangerous, they don’t confide in anyone due to fear it will be used against them (criterion 3). They unjustifiably doubt the loyalty of others (criterion 2), at times experiencing pathological jealousy, as they suspect infidelity of their partner, again without evidence (criterion 7). They hold grudges (criterion 5) and are ready to counterattack (criterion 6) in a way that mirrors “hit first or be hit.” So basically, they can’t trust others because others are after their job, money, character, etc., which they find unwarranted evidence for in otherwise neutral interactions. You don’t ever get to know these types because they don’t want to disclose information, since no one is safe. They are the rigid “grudge collectors” who will never forgive an insult. You never know when you’ll step on a hair trigger….

Photo by Rodolfo Clix

Warning Signs of Paranoid Personality (Outside of the DSM)

The first warning sign of paranoid personalities for me is my own reaction to them. Their narratives are often contradictory and dramatic, so it feels confusing and suspicious…like something is missing, and I’m only getting part of the story. I’ve also noticed a pattern of severe gastrointestinal problems, way above the anxiety-related gut distress. It sounds odd, but consistently there have been cases of intense constipation when they hide their anger and intense expulsion when they let their anger out. It actually is consistent with Freud’s connection of paranoia to the potty training stage.³ Another sign of a paranoid personality is aggression and sadomasochism, where there’s a need for them to destroy so they are not destroyed. It’s kind of like passive-aggressiveness on steroids. They are passively victim-y and act in a way that un/subconsciously encourages others to cross boundaries, until they’ve had enough, and attack with sadistic aggression and blaming. It gets to a point where they can’t hold their own pain anymore, so they project it onto someone else so that person can hold their pain for them. At an extreme, they can become mass murderers. However, they can love others and hold on to a relationship, which separates them from psychopaths,¹ but there is also a high divorce rate⁴ because you never truly get to know a paranoid personality. That intimacy is way too threatening for them.

Photo by Trinity Kubassek

Overlap of Paranoid and Narcissistic Personalities

Some theorists believe that narcissism is a core ingredient of all pathological personalities,⁵ which Doc Bok and I totally agree with! However, narcissism looks different for each type of personality. There is significant overlap between narcissists and paranoid personalities, and it is likely that a portion of people who are called narcissists are actually a paranoid type. Both narcissists and paranoids can present as envious, superior, and egocentric, as well as hypersensitive to criticism. Paranoid personalities’ grandiosity shows up in their ideas of reference, meaning they take things personally because they believe they are so special. They think everything is about them. For example, if a person isn’t paying attention and sits in the paranoid’s seat, the paranoid might think, “That person sat in my chair because they’re after me and want to kill me.” Paranoids can also be megalomaniacs because they have that all-powerful, sadistic part of them, which results in aggression and attacks toward others.¹ In contrast, there’s a vulnerable narcissistic part of them where they assume the victim-y role and expect others to feel bad and act on their behalf. Overall, there are similar psychological games played by both paranoids and narcissists, so in a relationship, a paranoid personality can often come off as highly narcissistic.

Photo by George Becker

Why We Think Paranoid Personality is the Post-Pandemic Narcissist

Remember, paranoid personalities don’t usually show up in treatment, but post-pandemic, they have been. The pandemic essentially confirmed a paranoid’s biggest fears that no one can be trusted, that the world is dangerous and after them, that they could easily be destroyed…and they fell apart. Now, in this post-pandemic landscape, we believe paranoid personalities are coming to treatment out of desperation because they can’t put themselves back together as the world tries to go back to “normal.”

Photo by Pok Rie

Paranoid personalities are having trouble going back into hiding because they fell apart. Some of them just want to be left alone, but some of them are readily attacking others. The danger is that we are labeling them as narcissists, and they can definitely be narcissistic, but their readiness to destroy so they are not destroyed makes them much more dangerous than true narcissists. You need to understand the paranoid personality because it could mean your sanity…or even your life!

Photo by Pavel Danilyuk

References

McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR (5th edition, text revision.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 ↩︎
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM / ICD spectrum from normal to abnormal (3rd edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ↩︎
Disney, K. L., Weinstein, Y., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2012). Personality disorder symptoms are differentially related to divorce frequency. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(6), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030446 ↩︎
Blaney, P. H., Krueger, R. F., Millon, T. (Eds.). (2014). Oxford textbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ↩︎

Ep 27: What's Worse Than a Narcissist? | The Baddest of Them All

Tue, 06 May 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of The Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) unveil the darkest aspects of personality, focusing on narcissism at its most severe forms. We explore the spectrum of personality types that range from mildly unpleasant to dangerously malignant, discussing examples and case studies that illustrate their risk in relationships. We specifically unpack narcissistic and paranoid personality disorders, malignant narcissism, antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy and sociopathy, and sadistic personalities. While further exploring the characteristics, overlaps, and distinctions among these disorders, we end with a discussion about terrorism and extreme manifestations of sadism.

50 Shades of Personality Darkness

Tue, 06 May 2025 02:00:00 +0000

The Dangerous Personality Types

I found something exciting when doing research on narcissism! Michael Stone - a forensic psychiatrist came up with an entire spectrum that helps us understand how narcissism and its associated traits can devolve into psychopathy and destruction.¹ This spectrum has 6 main components, each one getting progressively worse.

Negative Personalities

Negative Traits

First is just all the negative personality traits that people can have, like being abrasive, argumentative, deceitful, discourteous, tactless, and unsympathetic.¹ These are the annoying people who might be jerks, but aren’t necessarily dangerous or criminal. Think of the meddlesome teacher who is up in everyone’s business or the quarrelsome guy at the store who argues with the manager over an out-of-stock product.

Severely Negative Traits

The negative traits can be more severe though, like people who are aggressive, hostile, cruel, predatory, or malicious.¹ It’s the people we really don’t like, or maybe even hate - they’re worse than just annoying. This might be the slanderous, vengeful ex-partner who threatens a smear campaign to end your career, or the grudge-holding boss who is still punishing the employee after a mistake that happened 2 years ago.

This is just the outer layer of the dark personality onion though. Peeling back another layer is when the negative personality traits worsen into actual personality disorders.

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio

Severe Personality Disorders

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

In our podcast, Doc Bok and I have discussed narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder at length (blog/podcast), so I’ll briefly cover it, then provide murderous examples² of those with narcissistic personality disorder to understand the different layers of darkness. Not everyone with narcissistic personality disorder is going to be violent, but their tendency to be self-important, entitled, exploitative, envious, and arrogant, with a need for admiration, belief they’re special, and fantasies of unlimited success do set them up for risky, yucky behaviors. If you add decreased or a lack of empathy in that mix, they are capable of violence.

One example motivated by narcissistic greed is a guy who put pipe bombs under his mother’s car and killed her after he found out she was going to financially cut him off, AND he was hoping for a $10 million inheritance payout.²

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Not all individuals with paranoid personality disorder are going to be dangerous, but those who ARE paranoid AND commit violent crimes have the more severe criteria like pathological jealousy, grudge-holding, and vindictiveness.² (See our blogs here and here for a better understanding of PPD). Interestingly, violent paranoids are more likely to commit mass murders (3+ kills in one outburst),² likely because they desire to take their pain out on the world (see Personalities That Kill).

One example was the guy who stalked then threatened to kill a coworker who would not date him, leading to him being fired. Two years later, he went back to his old workplace and killed seven people and wounded four (including the girl).² This event was actually made into a movie in 1993 called I Can Make You Love Me.

Photo by Fran

Malignant Narcissism

Malignant narcissism is the next dark layer when personality disorders become “worse.” Malignant narcissism is narcissism with antisocial behavior (lawbreaking and against social norms), sadism/aggression (hurting others), and paranoid (attack first because everyone is out to get them) flavors.³ Check out our podcast or blog for a deeper understanding of malignant narcissism. Stone² states, “If there is, from the standpoint of personality, one red thread running through the majority of violent crimes, this would be narcissism.” Those who choose to exploit or destroy others are obviously putting their own desires first with no consideration of others.

An example of a violent malignant narcissist is the doctor who murdered his wife and children and unsuccessfully attempted suicide when he felt he was going to be caught…because he wasn’t actually a doctor and was faking his social status.⁴

Photo by Sebastiaan Stam

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Even “worse” in the dark personalities is antisocial personality disorder. According to the DSM, antisocial personality disorder is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others; criminality; impulsivity; and a failure to learn from experience. It’s helpful to understand that malignant narcissists can engage in antisocial behavior, but ALL antisocial personalities include narcissism.⁵

An example of someone with an antisocial personality without psychopathy is the guy who had a long childhood history of criminality, then after getting out of juvey at age 19, he became the leader of a prominent gang with a goal to protect locals from other gangs and police brutality…and during this time he was also a youth counselor. The problem was he became addicted to angel dust and killed people when stealing money to buy the drugs. He was imprisoned and sentenced to death, but later in prison, he ended up writing books discouraging black youths to engage in gangs. He was actually nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but was executed in 2005.⁶

Note here that there’s a difference between antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. One of the biggest differences is that antisocial children don’t usually become antisocial adults, and young adults with antisocial personality disorder will “burn out” around their 40s. This aging out dynamic does not happen in psychopathy. Psychopathy is consistent and stays lifelong.⁶

Still curious about APD? Here are links to our blogs where you can learn more about this dangerous condition! Personalities as Ice Cream blog, Psychodynamic Personalities blog, and Personalities That Kill blog.

Photo by Elti Meshau

Psychopathy

Peeling back the next layer brings us out of personality disorders that match up with the DSM and lands us in the dark forensic psychology territory. So, what is psychopathy? Robert Hare (expert forensic psychologist) notes psychopaths are “intra-species predators who use charm, manipulation, intimidation, and violence to control others and to satisfy their own selfish needs.⁶” It’s also notable that psychopathy is marked by a complete absence of empathy - not just impaired empathy or blocked empathy.³ There’s actually brain imaging and studies that support this.³ Psychopaths just don’t experience emotions the same way others do.

Sociopathy/Non-Violent Psychopathy

Non-violent psychopathy is definitely a thing.

An example of a non-violent psychopath or a sociopath is the guy who engaged in the biggest known Ponzi-scheme manipulation and swindled people out of billions of dollars. While he was non-violent with no assaults, he did not have empathy and preyed on clients.⁶

Violent Psychopathy

We usually think of psychopathy as involving violence. There’s a ton of examples out there, but Stone² used this one:

One guy was convicted of 11 murders. He has the sexually violent crime “triad” of childhood bed-wetting, animal torture, and fire-setting. Fast forward, and he ended up raping and strangling 11 prostitutes until his arrest. Stone actually interviewed him in prison and noted lack of remorse, “jollity,” pathological lying, and grandiosity. He even embellished his crimes to impress others.²

Photo by cottonbro studio

Sadism

Sadistic Personality

Peeling back the last layer of darkness in terms of personality, we find sadism. Sadistic personalities are common in those who commit violent crimes,² and it’s notable that I’m not talking about sexual sadism here, but an actual personality style.¹ Sadistic personalities achieve dominance through cruelty, humiliate others, are unusually harsh to those under them, take pleasure in others’ suffering, lie to harm others, intimidate others to get them to obey, are excessively controlling, and are fascinated by violence, weapons, martial arts, injury, or torture.¹

A watered down (It’s very sick - so look at your own risk) example of a sadistic personality is the guy who created a torture chamber and killed at least 40 women. They also found 100 videotapes of torture.²

Sadism with Terrorism

The “worst” it can get is sadism with terrorism. It’s only “worse” because it involves a very high number of hurts and deaths with the terrorism aspect, but it’s the same concept as above. An example of large scale terrorism involving sadism is Sadam Hussain, who “probably reached diagnostic threshold for the sadistic (T score M = 81.0), paranoid (T score M = 79.3), antisocial (T score M = 77.4), and narcissistic (T score M = 74.2) personality disorders⁷.” It’s also notable that Hussein had more sadistic features than Hitler.⁷

Photo by Mitja Juraja

So as we funnel down the spectrum of darkness, we take all the personality stuff that precedes it. Thus, a sadistic personality is going to have it all - negative traits, narcissistic personality disorder/paranoid personality disorder, malignant narcissism, antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and of course, sadism. Additionally, as we funnel down the darkness spectrum, there are less and less examples of darkness, which is hopeful. On the other hand, Stone states, “There is no “worst case” of sadism, just as there is no bottom to human depravity¹.” Thus, our work and understanding of humanity will never be complete.

Photo by Ralph W. lambrecht

References

Itzkowitz, S., & Howell, E. F. (Eds.). (2019). Psychoanalysts, psychologists and psychiatrists discuss psychopathy and human evil. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429262425 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Stone, M. H. (2007). Violent crimes and their relationship to personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health, 1(2), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.18 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Wood, R. (2022). Literature review of malignant narcissism and related constructs. In R. Wood, A study of malignant narcissism: Personal and professional insights (pp. 7–41). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003246923 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Lazaro, Y., Mesian, I., Perez, A., Madrazo, I., & Baena, R. (2016). Malignant narcissism: The notorious case of Jean-Claude Romand. European Psychiatry, 33, S630–S631. ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press. ↩︎
Stone, M. H. (2018). The place of psychopathy along the spectrum of negative personality types. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 54(1), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2017.1420376 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Coolidge, F. L., & Segal, D. L. (2007). Was Saddam Hussein like Adolf Hitler? A personality disorder investigation. Military Psychology, 19(4), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995600701548221 ↩︎ ↩︎

Ep 26: Malignant Narcissists in Politics | Their Rise and Fall to Power

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of The Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) unpack the dangerous dynamics of malignant narcissism in political leadership. We first explore how these leaders rise to power, the psychological factors that enable their ascent, and the societal conditions that make populations susceptible to their charm. We introduce the narcoticizing and honeymoon phases of their reign where the malignant charmer woos their adoring audience. We then explore the characteristics that define malignant narcissist leaders, including how they navigate crises, the corruptibility of their conscience, and their devolution into psychotic thought processes. Further expounding on the dangers of their paranoia and their need for enemies, we share how no one escapes unscathed from these types in leadership. Our discussion concludes with reflections about the aftermath of the malignant narcissist’s reign, and the recovery and healing process from the trauma they inflict.

How Malignant Narcissists Rise to Power

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Photo by Sora Shimazaki

Let’s be real—if we cut all the narcissism out of politics, we’d barely have any leadership left. Some healthy narcissism is needed to lead, though effective leadership with disorder-level narcissism doesn’t actually work¹. Plus, it’s a disaster when that narcissism turns malignant, adding rule-breaking behavior, aggression/sadism, and paranoia to that narcissistic core. These leaders aren’t just self-absorbed—they misuse power and rewrite reality to suit their own grandiose needs… (Think Hitler and Stalin) So how do they rise to power? And why do people keep following them? Let’s take a look at the life cycle of a narcissistic leader.

Photo by Craig Steffan

A Nation’s Daddy Issues

Setting the Stage

It starts with a narcissistic nation, a people group that is self-absorbed, entitled, and thinks their nation is the greatest. When this people group becomes disillusioned with the way things are, and especially after a massive traumatic event, like a war, economic collapse, or a pandemic, it creates a vulnerable void that needs to be filled. Sam Vaknin, a researcher of malignant narcissism, noted: “Given a high enough level of frustration, triggered by recurrent…failures in all spheres of policy, even the most resilient democracy ….[begins to favor] “strong men,” leaders whose self-confidence… and apparent omniscience all but ‘guarantee’ a change of course for the better” (pg. 660)². A great example is elections across the globe in 2024. During this unique “super-election year,” in every major developed country with an election, the sitting power lost, despite their ideology. The post-pandemic, global frustration was so high, there was a desire for any change. Such frustrations and desire for immediate change set the stage perfectly for the authoritarian leader to carve his path. Enter the nation’s “father figure” promising to be a savior, rescuing a nation from their cris(es).

Photo by Klaus Hausmann

Narcoticizing the Followers

Once the malignant narcissist steps into power, the spell is cast. This is the “narcoticizing” phase—where the pain of crisis and trauma is dulled by the illusion of rescue. Vaknin² describes it as a reenactment of early childhood where the leader becomes an all-loving parent figure, and the people—exhausted from crisis—regress. It’s like, “Daddy’s got it now. Go to sleep.” It’s not just about policy anymore; it’s about emotional sedation. People stop thinking critically because the trauma relief feels too good to interrupt. We start to adopt the leader’s beliefs as our own, not out of careful analysis, but because it’s easier than confronting the ambiguity of reality. It gives the illusion of control by surrendering it to someone “stronger.”

Photo by Asad Photo Maldives

The Honeymoon Phase

Then comes the Honeymoon Phase—a seductive feedback loop between the narcissistic leader and his newly narcotized followers where everything feels great. The charismatic leader is brimming with ego cookie-fueled confidence, and his followers, now fully idealizing him, become mini versions of his grandiosity. Think of it like a psychological echo chamber: “You’re amazing!” [echoes back], “No, you are!” It’s not just loyalty though—it’s enmeshment and identity fusion. However, even when the leader starts to fail, he doesn’t lose support…he becomes even dearer to his followers 🤯. Why? Because now he’s relatable. It’s “Daddy’s just tired. He’ll do better tomorrow.”

Photo by servicii24iasi

Characteristics of Malignant Narcissistic Leaders

The Glitter of Grandiosity

Like any narcissist on a theatre stage, the first thing behind the smoke and mirrors isn’t strategy—it’s sparkly grandiosity. Vaknin put it bluntly: “The narcissistic leader prefers the glamour of well-orchestrated illusions to the tedium of real accomplishments” (pg. 658).² This means over-optimism in high-stakes situations with (delusional) beliefs such as, “I alone can fix it,” “I’ll end the war in 24 hours,” and “They’ll fold at the negotiation table because I’m just that powerful.” There’s a puffed-up image of greatness that followers feed on… Annndd if the inner circle is made up of equally adrenalized yes-men? Well, now there’s narcissists hyping The Narcissist.

Language, Beliefs, and the Narcissist’s Script

A narcissist’s language isn’t designed to communicate reality—it’s designed to maintain the ego. Vaknin stated, “The only stable belief of the narcissist is the centrality of the self” (pg. 110).² So beliefs shift depending on the crowd, and convictions morph depending on what boosts the ego—whatever gets applause. It’s psychological enmeshment on a national scale. Like the Wizard of Oz, there’s a loud booming voice and flashing lights, but behind the curtain? Just a guy, pulling levers, obsessed with his reflection.

Photo by Christian West

Crisis or Photo Op?

Add in a crisis to their reign, and here’s where it really unravels. According to Post¹, crisis decision-making in narcissistic leaders is deeply impaired because, simply put, they can’t admit when they’re wrong. New information is threatening, and criticism is intolerable. So they avoid experts, preferring to surround themselves with subservient worshipers who reinforce their delusions. Instead of leading, they perform, and instead of solving problems, they stage them. Because for the narcissistic leader, a political crisis is really just an ego crisis. It’s not “How do we fix this?” It’s “How does this affect my image?” Thus, crises become photo ops.

Photo by Zunaira Bilal Anjum

Cracking at the Seams: Cognitive Decline and Psychotic Drift

Power plus malignant narcissism isn’t just toxic—it’s mentally destabilizing. As Vaknin² warns, these leaders are constantly on the edge of psychosis. The narcissist begins to reshape reality to match his ego because if truth threatens the illusion, then truth must go. Sounds far fetched? It happens! Richard Nixon reportedly was becoming more paranoid in the aftermath of Watergate, as his impeachment loomed. He was talking to portraits in the White House- possibly even holding court with them in the middle of the night. These aren’t just eccentricities—they’re signs of a fragile psyche under siege. With enough power and enough stress, malignant narcissists can spiral into psychotic thinking. They don’t just believe their greatness—they hallucinate it.

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The Need for Enemies: Fueling the Paranoid Fire

As we’ve discussed a lot in this series: there is a paranoid orientation to malignant narcissism. These leaders need a villain to make their hero complex work. As Vaknin puts it, they “cast themselves as heroic victims of dark forces,” (pg. 665)² perpetually believing they are under attack. It’s a full-blown drama triangle, and they need a villain to fight - anyone will do. What matters is that there’s a scapegoat—a symbolic, personified, real-life container for all the narcissist’s “badness.” Because the narcissist’s self-worth depends on the illusion of being the lone protector in a world full of threats, if there aren’t enemies, then is he really that great?

Photo by Monica Silvestre

After the Crown: What Happens When the Curtain Falls

A narcissist is loyal to no one but himself. As their reign falters, relationships crumble, and exploitation abounds beyond just the scapegoated. In fact, narcissistic leaders often grow to resent their followers. Seeing their own reflection in the crowd—ordinary, flawed, human—is intolerable. They don’t want to be of the people. They want to be above them. Vaknin chillingly notes, “A narcissistic leader is likely to justify the indiscriminate butchering of his own people by claiming that they intended to assassinate him… or harm the country” (pg 660).² In short, loyalty doesn’t save you from becoming the next enemy.

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The Collapse: Illusions Unmasked

After the narcissistic leader is “deposed, voted out, or dies²”—the truth spills out and the illusion pops. Vaknin describes the unraveling: “Economic miracles turn out to be fraud-laced bubbles… empires disintegrate… revolutionary discoveries are discredited… social experiments expire in mayhem”(Vaknin, pg 659 ).² It was all an elaborate performance built on ego, manipulation, and—far too often—legally and morally questionable actions. The damage is real, especially for the scapegoated, the marginalized, and yes, even the loyal follower. The narcissist strolls off the stage (or is dragged off)…but the trauma still remains.

Photo by Ahmed akacha

The Reckoning: Trauma in the Wake

What’s left then? It’s not just political fallout, but psychological wreckage. The nation isn’t just politically broken…It’s traumatized. Vaknin wrote, “This is the narcissist’s sole legacy: a massive PTSD” (pg 660).² Followers who once found safety now realize they were manipulated and exploited…and they let it happen. Martin Niemöller’s haunting words come back here: “First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.” (italics added)

Rebuilding: Rising from the Rubble

So how does a nation rise from the ashes? Time. Lots of it. Trust doesn’t return easily. Neither does a sense of shared reality. The people, now wary of being fooled again, may resist being led at all. Or tragically, they may go right back into the arms of another charismatic narcissist, looking for comfort. Because trauma leaves us vulnerable. But if we can confront it, face our own narcissism, own our collective susceptibility, talk about it, learn from it, and stop glorifying the illusion, then there is hope.

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Final Thought: The Mirror of History

Vaknin said it best: “Hitler forced us all through a time warp and no one emerged unscathed. He was not the devil. He was one of us. …the banality of evil, just an ordinary loser, a consummate failure, a mentally-disturbed figure, a member of a mentally-disturbed nation, who lived through disturbed and failing times. He was the perfect mirror, a channeling, a voice, and the very depth of our souls” (pg 658).²

This is the horror and the hope. We create these leaders. We fall for them. But that means we also have the power to stop the cycle. The narcissist is not just a dictator on a podium—he’s a mirror. The question is…do we dare to look in?

References

Post, J. M. (1993). Current concepts of the narcissistic personality: Implications for political psychology. Political Psychology, 14(1), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791395 ↩︎ ↩︎
Vaknin, S. (2015). Malignant self love: Narcissism revisited (L. Rangelovska, Ed.). Narcissus Publications. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

Ep 25: The Malignant Narcissist's Mind | The Stairway to Evil

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of The Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) delve into the complex and dark characteristics of malignant narcissism, exploring its origins, characteristics, and using examples from popular culture, particularly the film ‘American Psycho’. Citing Eric Fromm’s original work on defining evil, we discuss his triad of: necrophilious orientation, incestuous symbiosis, and malignant narcissism. Using connections to historical figures and Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho,’ we briefly explore what this triad looks like. After drawing on research across the decades to define characteristics of malignant narcissism, we further discuss the spectrum of antisocial behavior, aggression, sadism, and paranoia prominent in these types. While discussing how malignant narcissists operate in personal relationships and positions of power, we end by exploring the overlap of malignant narcissism and psychopathy.

The Malignant Narcissist

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Is Malignant Narcissism Evil?

In 1964, Fromm wrote a book called The Heart of Man in which he was the first to discuss malignant narcissism. He actually was writing about human evil, which he called the “syndrome of decay,” and how it’s a combination of three things: necrophilious orientation (attraction to death, decay, and destruction), incestuous symbiosis (complete enmeshment with someone else), and malignant narcissism.¹ So malignant narcissism was only 1 out of 3 ingredients needed for “evilness.”

Photo by Renato Danyi

The Conceptual Development of Malignant Narcissism

There were a couple other researchers who described a narcissistic character that is similar to a malignant narcissist, but they didn’t actually call it that. Rosenfeld (1971)² described a form of grandiose narcissism that was at the delusional level and included feeling all-powerful or all-knowing. They are cruel, ruthless, and sadistic, completely rejecting dependency/connecting to anyone else, so much so that they find no value in other people. Kohut (1976)² described a narcissist who was “charismatic and/or messianic” with paranoid flavors. And then Kernberg (1984)³ actually used the term malignant narcissism and defined it as grandiosity with sadistic strivings, noting that it is a combination of four parts.

Narcissism
Antisocial behavior
Sadism/aggression
Paranoid Orientation

Photo by Engin Akyurt

The 4 Parts of Malignant Narcissism

1. Narcissism

A malignant narcissist has a core narcissistic personality. It’s textbook grandiose narcissism, where they run from their fragile shame, feeding their own self-esteem by taking from others and tearing others down. This can look like being irritable, empty, and angry. Interpersonally, they are sensitive to criticism. They’re cold, lack empathy, and show no remorse or guilt. They can’t have deep relationships but are charming, promiscuous, and seductive on the surface. They’re exploitative and entitled. They need admiration, and they are extremely envious and materialistic. Using the movie American Psycho⁴ as an example, the main character (Patrick) is introduced in a superficial, grandiose manner as he engages in a morning routine filled with high-maintenance image-based acts with a ton of skin care and grooming.

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2. Antisocial Behavior

The malignant narcissist engages in antisocial behavior - but they are NOT at a level of antisocial personality disorder.⁵ They actually understand morality, but they rationalize their antisocial behaviors (i.e. lying, stealing, exploitation) because they need to in order to maintain their positive image. Their needs matter, but others’ needs don’t. They might commit a few crimes, but it’s not a lifestyle. Again in American Psycho, Patrick lies right in front of his secretary (who definitely notices) about reservations to a prestigious restaurant, and he maintains that lie even when his secretary challenges him.⁴

Photo by Markus Winkler

3. Sadism/Aggression

The malignant narcissist has ego-syntonic sadism or aggression. This means that their desire to harm others is not rejected, but embraced. They’re okay with the fact that they hurt others. They idealize the part of them that is rageful, aggressive, destructive, violent, and revengeful - in order to protect themselves. Essentially, they make sure to victimize others so that they don’t end up being a victim themselves. Sometimes this even means killing themself to master their own fate, their own crisis, or even someone else. In American Psycho, Patrick’s aggression came out when another character showed Patrick and his coworkers his superior business card with gold lettering. Patrick couldn’t handle it, followed the other character into the restroom, and was shown intensely desiring to destroy the other character through strangulation.⁴

Photo by Pixabay

4. Paranoid Orientation

The malignant narcissist has an extremely paranoid orientation toward life, harboring intense mistrust, viewing others as enemies, and often being preoccupied with conspiracy theories. They believe the world is out to get them, so they have to attack first. This can sometimes result in “mini” psychotic episodes. For example, in the movie American Psycho, there is a question of whether all the murders were actually real or just fantasized.⁴

Photo by ThisIsEngineering

When we mix grandiose narcissism with antisocial behaviors, sadism/aggression, and paranoid flavors, we end up with malignant narcissism. It’s “worse” and more dangerous than narcissistic personality disorder, though malignant narcissism itself is not a DSM-5-TR diagnosis. If you believe you’re in a relationship with a malignant narcissist, seek help! You can look on Psychology Today or if you’re in Virginia or Pennsylvania, check out Quest Psychological and Counseling Services for available services.

References

Fromm, E. (1964). The heart of man. Harper & Row. ↩︎
Wood, R. (2022). A study of malignant narcissism: Personal and professional insights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003246923 ↩︎ ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press. ↩︎
Tylim, I. (2001). American Psycho: Malignant narcissism on the screen. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 18(4), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.18.4.737 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (1989). The narcissistic personality disorder and the differential: Diagnosis of antisocial behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 553-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30414-3 ↩︎

Ep 24: The Communal Narcissist's Altruistic Illusion

Tue, 25 Mar 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of The Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) unpack the tricky topic of communal narcissism, exploring its characteristics, behaviors, and the environments in which these individuals thrive. We discuss the distinction between agentic and communal traits, the illusion of selflessness, and how communal narcissists often deceive themselves and others. We further highlight the presence of communal narcissism in charities, social media, and religious organizations. By examining the darker aspects of this personality type, we discuss insights about collective narcissism and the potential for harmful group dynamics. The episode concludes with insights on recognizing communal narcissism in relationships and its correlation with wealth and power.

A Helpful, 'Saintly' Narcissist?! - Unpacking Communal Narcissism

Tue, 25 Mar 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Can a narcissist actually be helpful? My first gut reaction is “absolutely not,” BUTTTT then I looked at the research. It turns out, there’s a type of narcissism that focuses on achieving power through people, charming a community, and looking unusually helpful. 🤯 They suck up all the ego cookies they can by helping others, in order to rise to the top of a community - hence communal narcissism.¹ This is where there’s a focus on others and getting along. (Note that most narcissism is “agentic” or self-focused motive to get ahead).

Photo by RDNE Stock project

What Does Communal Narcissism Look Like?

Communal narcissism is actually a very new term, first appearing in a 2012 research study¹ that found there is a type of narcissist who seeks power and grandiosity, but the means by which they do so is through a community, appearing altruistic, saintly, and helpful. They are willing to put in the super helpful legwork at first, until their grandiosity comes out as they rise to the top.² AND they don’t even know it. They genuinely think they are helpful, though that helping mask can slip off behind closed doors.³ A great example of communal narcissistic behavior is the movie Bernie.

Photo by Rachel Brooks

Where Do We Find Communal Narcissists?

Unsurprisingly, we can find communal narcissists anywhere that values help-oriented dynamics. It’s present in charities with do-good initiatives, humanitarian efforts, and not-for-profit organizational events. Similarly, donation or helping/rescue centers can have communal narcissists embedded within, as there is ample opportunity for virtue signaling that highlights “righteousness,” “helpfulness,” and being a “good” person. There’s a public-facing aspect to their self-advertised adoption of an animal (or person), as they seek an award, applause, or park bench in their honor. In fact, social media⁴ is another place where communal narcissism is easily seen with photos shining a spotlight on how generous and altruistic they are. Interestingly, others often see through this schtick, and such posts are often viewed negatively by others.

Unfortunately, helping professions (e.g. doctors, nurses, therapists) also attract communal narcissism due to the inherent power differential between provider and patient. It can be easy for a provider to feel like they have the power to “save” a patient, with a mindset of, “Let me find superiority by helping you, the lesser of us two.” Religious Organizations and Churches are the perfect structure for a communal narcissist since there is a group focus on helping, doing good, and being “righteous.” Here, the communal narcissist may come off as “holier than thou,” and maybe even look “saintly,” like a Mother Theresa form of narcissism. Extremely unhealthy groups like this can cross the line into cult groups. Lastly, we can often see communal narcissism in politics (surprise! 🙄), as they cloak their need for superiority in donating to causes that are “for” the people. Politicians may promise to be the best_thing_ever (🏆!!) by rescuing countries and regions from threats, “other groups,” or the opposing political party.

Photo by cottonbro studio

But How Do You Know Helping Has Gone Bad?

Helping and altruism is not bad, but the narcissism involved in it can be unhealthy at a certain point. We know that communal narcissism is not just about social approval, but also a need for power - putting it squarely in the grandiose narcissist category.² The kicker here is that once the communal narcissist gains power, their grandiosity surpasses their helping mentality. The original means of collecting ego cookies through altruism has worked, so it’s not needed anymore since they’re at the top.² Consider the original benign and righteous motive of the Jonestown cult…but it didn’t end that way. With more power came more corruption and a massacre! That “amazing” person that appears in public can be hypocritical, mean, and even abusive behind closed doors.

Photo by Wolf Art

So What Happens When A Communal Narcissist Exists Within A Relationship?

Remember that not all help-oriented people are doing it for power and narcissistic supply. But when in a relationship with a communal narcissist, they actually think they are superiorly helpful! There may be a lot of gaslighting, especially because others might not believe you since they see the public-facing greatness, but you see the harmful narcissism when no one is looking. If you feel like this is you, or someone you know, please reach out for help! You can look on Psychology Today or if you’re in Virginia or Pennsylvania, check out our private practice, Quest Psychological and Counseling Services for available services.

Photo by Vera Arsic

References

Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854-878. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629 ↩︎ ↩︎
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2015). Validating power makes communal narcissists less communal. Self and Identity, 14(5), 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1031820 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Fatfouta, R., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2018). A wolf in sheep’s clothing? Communal narcissism and positive implicit self-views in the communal domain. Journal of Research in Personality, 76, 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.07.004 ↩︎
Kristinsdottir, K. H., Gylfason, H. F., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. (2021). Narcissism and social media: The role of communal narcissism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910106 ↩︎

Ep 23: The 4 Narcissistic Subtypes You Need to Know

Tue, 11 Mar 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) explore the complex world of narcissism, focusing on its various subtypes. We unpack grandiose narcissism, its characteristics, as well as fun names in history. Our conversation transitions to communal narcissism, highlighting its deceptive nature and how it can manifest in social settings and religious communities. Next, we examine malignant narcissism, the most severe form, characterized by antisocial, paranoid, and sadistic traits. Lastly, we uncover vulnerable narcissism and the tricky, inside-out way they show up in relationships. The episode concludes with a comparative analysis of danger in these narcissistic subtypes, urging listeners and viewers to beware!

4 Subtypes of Narcissism: Grandiose, Communal, Malignant, and Vulnerable

Tue, 11 Mar 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Currently, there’s two main themes of narcissism in the research: Grandiose Narcissism and Vulnerable Narcissism. We talk about that more in depth here. However, we also like to describe categories of narcissism, so much so that we’ve found “over 50 distinct labels describing variability in the expression of pathological narcissism.”¹ FIFTY! That’s insane (pun intended). Let’s talk about the four most common subtypes you’ve probably heard of: Grandiose, Communal, Malignant, and Vulnerable.

Photo by Pavel Danilyuk

Grandiose Narcissists

The Grandiose Narcissist is the type that is the most recognizable and most researched. It’s also the one that matches up best to the DSM-5-TR’s Narcissistic Personality Disorder. The Grandiose Narcissist basically thinks they’re the greatest ever, and they use others for gain. They can be aggressive, dominant, and manipulative.

Historically, terms that lead to grandiose narcissism include the Don Juan Character, the Nobel Prize Complex, and the Phallic Narcissist.² Other names for grandiose narcissists include: Classical, True, Overt, Arrogant, Egotistical, Empowered, Entitled, Exhibitionistic, Oblivious, Willful, and Thick-skinned.¹ All of these labels describe the grandiosity, sense of superiority, exaggeration of achievements, self-absorbed behaviors, pretentiousness, entitlement, decreased empathy, need for admiration, and intolerance of criticism. However, they’re also socially charming. 😇 Think the unfaithful womanizer or power-hungry, egotistical CEO.

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Communal Narcissists (a form of Grandiose)

Interestingly, Communal Narcissism didn’t actually exist until 2012!³ A broad definition of Communal Narcissism includes gaining power through others - seeking grandiosity and power, but appearing helpful, caring, and other-focused. Another name might be the Saintly Narcissist, or someone who perceives themselves as the next Mother Theresa.³ They might be likable until people see their true colors, because unfortunately, as they gain power, they become less helpful and more grandiose.⁴

Now, it’s important to understand that Communal Narcissism is a form of Grandiose Narcissism, as it’s associated with attention-seeking, deception, dominance, and manipulative behaviors. However, it’s also correlated with some more vulnerable themes like submissiveness, separation insecurity, anxiety, moodiness, guilt/shame, and perfectionism.⁵ So basically, at the core is Grandiose Narcissism, but it’s covered up in more palatable, vulnerable qualities. These types make great religious cult leaders. They are essentially a wolf in sheep’s clothing.

Photo by Trinity Kubassek

Malignant Narcissists (a form of Grandiose)

Most of the research on Malignant Narcissism that I found fell in criminology and political studies and involved words like evil, genocide, terrorism, politics, and corporate leaders. There was not much on the personality research front, but it is a common personality subtype the public is discussing. Why? Eric Fromm stated it well, noting that Malignant Narcissism is the “quintessence of evil.”⁶

A simple and concise definition of Malignant Narcissism is pathological narcissism (unhealthy pursuit of self-enhancement) that is mixed with antisocial (against rules and social norms), sadistic (aggressive, desire to harm others), and paranoid (I’m under threat and must attack first) flavors. Kernberg (1984) took the concept of Malignant Narcissism and ran with it, explaining that there has to be a combination of four things to be considered Malignant Narcissism⁷:

A narcissistic core or narcissistic personality disorder (of course)⁷
Antisocial behavior (not the disorder, just behaviors like lying, manipulating, stealing, etc.)⁷
Egosyntonic sadism (internal sadism that is acceptable to the person and aligns with their values )⁷
Paranoid orientation (projecting their unresolved hatred onto others, viewing others as disposable)⁷

Other labels for Malignant Narcissism include, the Manipulative Narcissist⁸ who has antisocial qualities; the Psychopathic Narcissist⁹ who lacks remorse, lacks empathy, is sadistic, is violent, and exploits others; and the Unprincipled Narcissist² who has antisocial flavors and lacks a conscience, is vengeful, and does not fear consequences. Research cites Hitler and Stalin as Malignant Narcissists.¹⁰

Photo by Connor Danylenko

Vulnerable Narcissists

The Vulnerable Narcissistic subtype is less obvious because it lacks grandiosity and shine, instead being introverted, unassuming, pessimistic, and fragile. They take on a victim-y, “Woe is me” stance, as they are acutely in touch with their shame in order to escape their own grandiose fantasies. While they are still entitled and self-absorbed, they have low self-esteem and tend to be anxious, defensive, and avoidant of attention and attachments.⁹

Today, we often hear terms like Covert Narcissist or even Shy Narcissist to describe these vulnerable types. Other terms that capture the Vulnerable Narcissist include: Closet, Thin-Skinned, Hypervigilant, Hypersensitive, Fragile, Depressed/Depleted, Disempowered, and Compensating.¹ An example of a Vulnerable Narcissist might be the employee who never gets “Employee of the Month,” won’t put in the work to get the award, and always speaks poorly about his boss who “has yet to recognize his greatness.”

Photo by MART PRODUCTION

I would propose that all narcissists are basically dangerous in one form or another. The Malignant Narcissist is the scariest and most physically harmful type of narcissist. I’d say the Communal Narcissist is second in line for most dangerous, because they’re tricky - a wolf in sheep’s clothing. Perhaps controversially, I’d choose the Vulnerable Narcissist as the third most dangerous because it can be hidden and sometimes doesn’t feel like narcissism. Lastly, the Grandiose Narcissist is more easily spotted, so it’s likely the easiest to defend against or avoid.

Photo by cottonbro studio

Regardless of the type of narcissism, they all cause harm in relationships. If you are suffering due to the narcissist in your life, seek help! Check out Psychology Today, or if you’re in Virginia or Pennsylvania, check out our private practice, Quest Psychological and Counseling Services for available services.

References

Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM / ICD spectrum from normal to abnormal (3rd edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ↩︎ ↩︎
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854-878. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629 ↩︎ ↩︎
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2015). Validating power makes communal narcissists less communal. Self and Identity, 14(5), 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1031820 ↩︎
Rogoza, R., & Fatfouta, R. (2019). Normal and pathological communal narcissism in relation to personality traits and values. Personality and Individual Differences., 140, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.039 ↩︎
Fromm, E. (1964). The heart of man. Harper & Row. ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Bursten, B. (1973). Some narcissistic personality types. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 54, 287–300. ↩︎
Ronningstam, E. F. (2005). Narcissistic personality disorder: A review. In M. Maj, H. S., Akiskal, J. E. Mezzich, & A. Okasha (Eds.), Personality disorders, (pp. 277-348). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470090383.ch4 ↩︎ ↩︎
Wood, R. (2022). A study of malignant narcissism : Personal and professional insights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003246923 ↩︎

Ep 22: Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism | The Mirror Has Two Faces

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) delve into the complexities of pathological narcissism, exploring its various expressions, including covert, overt, grandiose, and vulnerable narcissism. We discuss how these themes of overt and covert narcissism appear in all narcissistic individuals, as do grandiose and vulnerable themes. We articulate how covert narcissism is under the surface in thoughts and fantasies, whereas overt narcissism is behavioral. We also highlight the shiny, extroverted themes of grandiose narcissism, while discussing the underlying emotional issues associated with vulnerable narcissism, including shame, anger, and moodiness. We overall emphasize the overlap between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, detailing that both can coexist within a single individual, leading to a range of ways pathological narcissism can present.

What's Up with Covert/Overt and Vulnerable/Grandiose Narcissism?

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 02:00:00 +0000

You’ve probably heard the words overt, covert, grandiose, and vulnerable when the topic of narcissism comes up. But guess what?!! We’re not using the terms correctly! (Surprise! 🙄) We’ve been using them to describe “subtypes,” even in the research. However, more current research explains these terms differently.¹ First, let’s talk about overt and covert narcissism. Instead of categorical subtypes of narcissism, the research actually describes them as different expressions of narcissism.¹

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Expressions of Overt Narcissism & Covert Narcissism

Overt narcissism is the observable stuff and behaviors that we can measure. So if pathological narcissism was a “personality barrel," the overt narcissism would be what you can see, like the color, the smell, the hazmat warning label (or lack thereof). These symbols and signs give us clues about what lies within the “personality barrel.” A more concrete example of seeing overt narcissism would be observing arrogance or seeing the exploitation of others as the narcissist rants about how great they are compared to others.

Covert narcissism is the hidden wishes/desires/thoughts/fantasies that are unseen and under the surface. It would be the toxic stuff inside the barrel that sizzles and burns, but oddly enough, there’s no observable signs on the outside. No leaking, no bubbles, no gas, no signs. It just looks like a normal “personality barrel…” until it doesn’t. A more concrete example might be the running narrative in the narcissist’s head about how great they are, and how they deserve a promotion, but it’s not stated out loud. If it were stated out loud, it would be overt. Since it’s kept to the self, it’s covert.

Both overt and covert narcissism exist within the same narcissist. The covert stuff gives rise to the overt, behavioral stuff. Depending on the situation you’re in and how much narcissistic supply is given, you may not be aware at all that someone is pathologically narcissistic. Oftentimes, the narcissistic fantasies remain quite grandiose without any indication of pathological behavior. This is where narcissism can seem to lie dormant, where you’re not aware of it until you are!

Now that we understand this basic overt/covert component of narcissism, let’s move on to themes of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.

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Themes of Grandiose Narcissism & Vulnerable Narcissism

Pathological narcissism can actually be understood as two dials within the same person - one is grandiosity and one is vulnerability. The grandiose dial is shiny and beautiful, containing large amounts of arrogance, self-importance, and specialness. Its theme is “Look at me! I’m so wonderful, amazing, beautiful, deserving, etc.” The vulnerable dial is damaged and dirty, highlighting victimhood and pity. Instead of “Look at me,” the vulnerable theme is “Woe is me. I’m the victim here! Everyone is against me!”

Usually, a person tends to have a “default” dial, but they can easily flip the volume levels, switching from grandiose to vulnerable or vice versa. Why? Well, Kernberg (2009) stated that pathologically narcissistic people have “bouts of insecurity disrupting their sense of grandiosity and/or specialness,”² and Horowitz (2009) noted, “Because grandiosity cannot be maintained, narcissists are more vulnerable to shame, panic, helplessness, or depression as life progresses.”³ BOTH grandiosity and vulnerability exist in the SAME person.

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Grandiose Narcissism

When the grandiose dial is turned up, there’s some things that commonly show up in the pursuit for self-enhancement and positive self-image.

Positive Emotions⁴ and Mania⁵
Negative Emotions to Achievement-Related Failures⁶,⁷
Extroversion⁸ and Outspokenness⁸
Egotism⁸, Boastfulness⁸, and High Self-Esteem⁹
Rejection of Defectiveness (Imperfection)¹⁰
Guilt (but not Shame)¹
Entitlement¹⁰ and Insensitivity Toward Others⁴
Anger⁸ and Hostility⁹
Dominant Behaviors⁹,¹¹
Assertiveness⁸ and Aggression⁸
Criminal Behavior⁴
Gambling⁴
Violence⁵

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Vulnerable Narcissism

When the vulnerable dial is turned up, there are some different things that pop up in reaction to ego threats or failures to maintain a positive self-image.

Psychosis⁵ and Sleep Disturbance⁵
Negative Emotions to Interpersonal-Related Failures⁶,⁷
Emotional Inhibition¹⁰, Moodiness⁸, and Negative Emotions⁴ like:
- Depression⁵,⁴
- Anxiety⁴, Global Distress⁴, and Paranoid ideation⁴
- Envy⁴ and Bitterness⁸
Introversion⁸
Low Self-Esteem⁹ and Unrelenting Standards (Perfectionism)¹⁰
Shame (but not Guilt)¹
Interpersonal Sensitivity⁴ and Subjugation (Submissiveness)¹⁰
Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance⁴,⁹, and Rejection of Dependence¹⁰
Defensiveness⁸, Hostility⁴, and Exploitativeness⁹

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Remember, both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism exists in the same person. Both also share traits of mistrust of others¹⁰, beliefs they will be abandoned¹⁰, bossiness⁸, demandingness⁸, argumentativeness⁸, conceit⁸, and cruelty⁸. There is an overall self-indulgence and disregard for others’ needs⁸. Regardless of how pathological narcissism presents, it’s still unhealthy and can be harmful to the self and others. If you need assistance in handling the narcissism around you, check out Psychology Today, or if you’re in Virginia or Pennsylvania, check out our private practice, Quest Psychological and Counseling Services for available services.

References

Blaney, P. H., Krueger, R. F., Millon, T. (Eds.). (2014). Oxford textbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Kernberg, O. F. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorders: Part 1[Editorial]. Psychiatric Annals, 39(3), 105–107, 110, 164–166. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090301-04 ↩︎
Horowitz, M. (2009). Clinical phenomenology of narcissistic pathology. Psychiatric Annals, 39(3), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090301-06 ↩︎
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78(5), 1529–1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Ellison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Cain, N. M., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The impact of pathological narcissism on psychotherapy utilization, initial symptom severity, and early-treatment symptom change: A naturalistic investigation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.742904 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Emotional responses to a romantic partner’s imaginary rejection: The roles of attachment anxiety, covert narcissism and self evaluation. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 287-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00546.x ↩︎ ↩︎
Besser A., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2010). The influence of pathological narcissism on emotional and motivational responses to negative events: The roles of visibility and concern about humiliation. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 520-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.006 ↩︎ ↩︎
Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016530 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Zeigler-Hill, V., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., Sisemore, T. B., & Myers, E. M. (2011). Trouble ahead, trouble behind: Narcissism and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 42(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.004 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Roche, M. J., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., Hyde, A. L., & Ram, N. (2013). Pathological narcissism and interpersonal behavior in daily life. Personality Disorders, 4(4), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030798 ↩︎

Ep 21: Narcissistic Personality Disorder | The 9 Symptoms

Tue, 11 Feb 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) delve into the complexities of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). We explore the historical origins of narcissism, the DSM criteria for diagnosing NPD, and the key characteristics of individuals with this disorder, including a lack of empathy and pervasive envy. Our conversation highlights the roots, characteristics, and the dual nature of narcissism, as well as the challenges in researching NPD. We highlight characteristics such as grandiose self-importance, the need for excessive admiration, and the interpersonal exploitation that can occur in relationships. We also give a preview on the vulnerable aspects of narcissism, highlighting how it can manifest as low self-esteem and social withdrawal, a topic that will be discussed in an upcoming episode!

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (F60.81) Diagnostic Criteria

Tue, 11 Feb 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Check out our podcast on for more in depth information on narcissistic personality disorder criteria.

I’m sure you’ve heard the word “narcissism” lately, but did you know it can be an actual disorder? The most recent (2022) criteria of can be found in the (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision¹). Narcissistic personality disorder was first listed in the DSM-III in 1980. Since then, there’s actually been surprising controversy about this diagnosis, because it lacks scientific support and is mostly based on theory and clinical experience. In fact, there’s been some researchers who believe that narcissism is a core part of all personality disorders and that it should not be a separate disorder itself². I find myself in this camp the more I learn about narcissism. But…without further ado, let’s dive into the criteria of this disorder that often seems to be misused or misinterpreted!

Note: Text in these boxes are the exact words from DSM-5-TR¹

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Criteria

“A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following¹:” (p. 760)

Before we look at the individual criteria, the DSM-5-TR gives a framework about narcissistic personality disorder. The patterns of narcissistic personality disorder have to be , meaning spread across the person, time, and settings. This is further explained by noting that patterns of narcissistic personality disorder must begin by early adulthood (18 to 25) AND be present in a variety of settings (e.g. home, school, work). Basically, narcissistic personality disorder doesn’t just show up one day in a relationship at age 60. It’s been intertwined throughout a person’s life and encompasses all aspects of that person’s story.

Then we have the actual pattern of narcissistic personality disorder. There’s ( OR behavior), admiration needs, AND lack of . Now, the grandiosity may not necessarily show up in observable behavior, instead, existing internally in thoughts and desires under the surface. This can actually make narcissistic personality disorder tricky to diagnose! Remember, all three of these have to be present. Plus, there has to be a presence of five or more of the specific criteria listed below.

Grandiosity: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 1)

“Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)¹.” (p. 760)

Those with narcissistic personality disorder have likely learned that their self-worth is superior despite effort (or lack of effort). They come off as pretentious, “special,” and braggadocious, overestimating their actual ability and expecting others to reflect their greatness back to them. If anyone else was involved in their successes, their contributions are often minimized or even dismissed altogether. For example, you might overhear someone with narcissistic personality disorder boast about the great paper they wrote by themself, even though you know differently because you were in their group for the project.

Fantasies: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 2)

“Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love¹.” (p. 760)

The tendency to fantasize about these things seems to be an overcompensation for emptiness. It’s not just daydreaming about a better life, like we all can do at times. Those with narcissistic personality disorder have a void inside composed of low self-worth and shame, but it’s rejected and presented as superiority. Their thoughts can often fixate on admiration and privilege they should be getting. They also tend to pick famous, “successful,” or influential people to compare themselves with in a positive manner…not the healthiest thing ever…🥴

Specialness: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 3)

“Believes that he or she is “special” and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)¹.” (p. 760)

Sometimes it’s not just comparisons with successful people, but those with narcissistic personality disorder actually prefer to rub shoulders with others who are of high value. The thought that may go along with this is, “I’m the best, so I need the best.” They need the elite barber, accountant, surgeon, banker, etc. It’s almost like they try to absorb the “specialness” so they are “special” too. Also, they really don’t understand when others are oblivious to their greatness, because they expect and feel they deserve recognition. They may feel confused when you don’t worship the ground they walk on…eek! 🤢

Admiration: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 4)

“Requires excessive admiration¹.” (p. 760)

Because of their fragile self-esteem, deep self-doubt, and intense self-criticism that is hidden and rejected, those with narcissistic personality disorder need to be recognized and admired by others. They desperately need an audience and likely obsess about their image. It’s quite possible that they need to be treated as a famous person whenever they walk in the room. They desire fanfare and are genuinely confused if others aren’t envious of them. Those with narcissistic personality disorder can also be very charming in their attempt to obtain compliments. You might even feel the pull to give them “ego cookies” (i.e. of course you’re the greatest, best-dressed, richest!).

Entitlement: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 5)

“Has a sense of entitlement (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations)¹.” (p. 760)

Those with narcissistic personality disorder expect excessive positive treatment from others because they believe they are extra important. They can be confused or even angry if not provided with what they expect, which can lead to (knowingly or unknowingly) exploiting others. For example, they might throw a fit because they’re too important to wait in line, or they might be confused about consequences when missing a deadline because they had better things to do. It can look like a toddler having a tantrum. 👶

Exploitative: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 6)

“Is interpersonally exploitative (i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends)¹.” (p. 760)

Those with narcissistic personality disorder (knowingly or unknowingly) pursue everything for self-enhancement. Their relationships serve a purpose of increasing status, image, finances, self-esteem, etc. They might not actively try to con their grandmother out of money she needs for a surgery like an antisocial personality might, but if their grandmother offered that money to them, they’d take it with no hesitation and no reflection about how it would impact their grandmother. Another example would be the person who steps on coworkers with no regard for others’ needs/accomplishments in order to get a promotion. Yikes!

Unempathetic: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 7)

“Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others¹.” (p. 760)

Those with narcissistic personality disorder cannot handle any of their own flaws, imperfections, or “badness,” so they split it off ( ) and/or put it on someone else ( ). They can be completely oblivious to the hurtfulness of their comments, and they can come across as emotionally cold. Interestingly, research has found that those with narcissistic personality disorder have decreased emotional empathy, but not cognitive empathy³. In other words, they might mentally be able to understand empathy, but they don’t feel it…like an emotional blindness. When they do mentally understand a situation requiring empathy, they often view others’ needs as weak or vulnerable. Obviously, this isn’t good for connecting to others and having meaningful relationships.

Envious: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 8)

“Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her¹.” (p. 760)

With this condition, there is an intense desire for any status that others have like achievement, privilege, possessions, or successes, because they believe they’re special and entitled to it. Sometimes this can even be an obsession. Also, if someone else has something they envy, those with narcissistic personality disorder will tear the other person down. For example, if their coworker gets employee of the month instead of them, they might spread a rumor about their coworker. Again, this reminds me of a child who wants another child’s toy and throws a tantrum.

Arrogance: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Criterion 9)

“Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes¹.” (p. 760)

Those with narcissistic personality disorder often come across as patronizing or snobby. In their thoughts and interactions with others, there is likely to be high contempt, pettiness, and disdain. It’s a “me vs. them” attitude, where they view others as beneath them, much like Regina from Mean Girls: “My Name Is Regina George. I am a Big Deal. You can only wear pink on Tuesdays, because I say so.”

I personally believe any of these criteria can show up in any personality disorder, but remember, FIVE or more are needed for an actual diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.

If you are having a hard time navigating your relationship with someone who meets this description, seek out professional help! You can look on , or if you’re in Virginia or Pennsylvania, check out our private practice, for available services.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR (5th edition, text revision.). ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Morey, L. C. & Stagner, B. H. (2012). Narcissistic pathology as core personality dysfunction: Comparing the DSM-IV and DSM-5 proposal for narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(8), 908-921. ↩︎
Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., Lammers, C. H., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 241-247. ↩︎

Ep 20: Narcissism Gone Bad | 5 Signs It's Pathological

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) unpack the 5 major signs of pathological narcissism, as well as 3 bonus invisible signs of narcissism. We explore warning signs of pride, superiority, vanity, and inauthenticity (among others!), providing insights into how these traits manifest in behavior and relationships. We also explore how anger and lack of empathy manifest. We end the episode by discussing vulnerable narcissistic themes that are less observable, like emptiness, helplessness, and low self-esteem. Our discussion highlights everyday narcissism, as well as darker aspects of it, including antisocial and murderous examples of such.

The Dark Side of Narcissism

Tue, 28 Jan 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Narcissism is extremely complex, and there’s a lot of disagreement between researchers. However, one thing that is agreed upon is that both healthy narcissism and pathological narcissism exist. Pathological narcissism shows up in every personality disorder, so it’s important to remember that narcissistic personality disorder is not the exact same thing as pathological narcissism. What happens when narcissism turns bad? Let’s unpack the pathological, unhealthy, dark side of narcissism.

Photo by Photo by Emircan Bilgiç

What is Pathological Narcissism?

The core of pathological narcissism involves not being able to tolerate one’s own imperfections or “badness,” which leads to a desire for self-enhancement to obtain external validation and admiration. The external validation and reassurance can be called the “narcissistic supply” or, my favorite term, “ego cookies.” 🍪🍪🍪 Narcissism can hide in plain sight if the narcissistic supply is sufficient, but if it decreases or runs out…watch your back! There will be over-the-top reactions that can hurt others. Think about someone who is hanging on to a rescue rope in the ocean. If that rope is cut, they feel like they’re drowning, and in order to survive, they might stand on the head of the swimmer next to them despite knowing that person could drown. Additionally, most people have learned to swim their way through life, developing the skills to self-soothe and maintain identity within the self. Those with pathological narcissism didn’t learn to swim. They have a primitive and child-like need for others to regulate their identity, self-esteem, and self-worth.

Photo by Ayyub Jauro

The Signs and Symptoms of Pathological Narcissism

1. Pride

Pride is a part of the pathological narcissism picture. There’s exaggeration in self-esteem, achievement, and importance. This includes rejection of any shortcomings or flaws, instead viewing the self as the prettiest, smartest, best, etc. It can also come across as self-righteousness, in that they have everything “all figured out” and are completely put together. For example, “I’m the perfect parent, and I can’t believe you feed your child food that’s not organic.” Another example might be a critical mother who works as a teacher and is super patient with all her students, but at home she is hyper-critical of her own children. She is the “hero” in the classroom, but if someone calls her at-home behavior out, she can break down into a “woe is me” presentation and state, “You don’t respect or appreciate everything I do for you. I’m just a lowly mom, and no one loves me.” Sometimes this is also paired with defensive self-sufficiency where they reject needing others for the purpose of taking all the credit or because of woefulness like, “No one will help me anyway.”

Photo by Vlad Chețan

2. Superiority & Specialness

Superiority and specialness are a hallmark feature of pathological narcissism. It’s a belief that everyone else is beneath them and can involve comparisons/competitiveness. Have you ever seen politicians play the game, “Whose [male anatomy] is bigger”? Or the coworker who believes they deserve employee of the month, without effort, just because of who they are? Or even the embezzler who thinks they are above the law and worth more than those from whom they are stealing? Sometimes, this can look less shiny in that they believe their pain is special (i.e. “No one loves me enough”), which is used to gain care and admiration from others. This also involves a sense of entitlement where they deserve what they expect! There is no consideration of circumstances or others’ needs. They need their narcissistic supply now. Additionally, there is a strong sense of envy, where they can obsessively pursue the high-valued items and constructs others have, like money, fame, beauty, success, etc.

Photo by Kaique Rocha

3. Vanity & Conceit

Vanity and conceit play a role in pathological narcissism. They might spend massive amounts of money on plastic surgery or sports cars while being $100,000 in debt, all the while not associating with anyone who has “less” money than they “apparently” do. This is also captured in the person who does altruistic acts but can’t stop their excessive bragging about it. This pairs well with their inauthenticity, as they can often be charming and schmooze their way into obtaining admiration, status, and success. Here, we can highlight the stereotypical example of the charming, high-society man who advocates for women’s rights but beats his wife at home. And if caught, can schmooze the police into believing everything was self-defense.

Photo by Sahil Khaliq

4 Contempt & Anger

Contempt and anger are often involved in pathological narcissism. When their narcissistic supply is cut off, they have to face their shame - and they can’t handle it. Thus, there can be intense, sudden, and uncontrollable rage, or even aggression. More observable examples may be domestic violence, police brutality, or even suicide to “get back” at someone. Other examples might include purposeful silent treatment to punish, cutting off affection, or passive aggressiveness. This can also be less observable things, like nursing a grudge toward a boss who makes more money or wallowing in the shame/woefulness to a point of depression.

Photo by mohamed abdelghaffar

5. Lack of Empathy

Lack of empathy is a trademark feature of pathological narcissism. Interestingly, it mostly applies to emotional empathy and not cognitive empathy. This can show up in thoughts and attitudes like, “Your needs don’t matter, just mine,” or “You had it coming. You should be more like me.” It can also be observed in the cluelessness of their offensive statements. Often, they can come across as emotionally cold and callous. They value their needs, but not yours. For example, if you communicate your sadness about a death in the family, they might respond by taking up all the space discussing their own special pain about their pet’s death 5 years prior.

Photo by Dmitriy Zub

6. Emptiness

High narcissism comes with a void, an emptiness that can’t be filled. Sometimes it can look like depression or a flight of interests and pursuits. They might buy a new car, then have plastic surgery for a new face, then get into the new Ozempic trend. Suicide and parasuicide are also highly correlated with narcissism. Low self-esteem is also a theme, as deep down they are shameful and don’t view themselves favorably. They are hypersensitive to criticism and are easily triggered and offended. There can also be strong helplessness in the narcissistic victim role. There’s dependence on others to maintain and feed their whole existence. They need others for nurturance and care but have minimal capacity to love others.

Photo by Paula Schmidt

Pathological narcissism is complex and can be found in any personality disorder, not just narcissistic personality disorder. The signs and symptoms of pathological narcissism are vast and complicated. If you are wondering about your own narcissism or someone else’s, therapy can be helpful! If in the state of Virginia or Pennsylvania, reach out to see if we would be a good fit: https://www.questpsych.org/dr-cheyenne-fisher. Another wonderful resource is www.psychologytoday.com to find a therapist near you!

Ep 19: Is Narcissism Good? The Surprising Truth About Self-Importance

Tue, 14 Jan 2025 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) delve into the complexities of narcissism, exploring its cultural labeling, the distinction between pathological and trait narcissism, and its development from infancy. We discuss the importance of understanding narcissism in contemporary society, the confusion surrounding its definition, and how it manifests in all personality pathology and personality disorders. The conversation emphasizes the need for clarity in labeling narcissistic behaviors, the balance between healthy and pathological narcissism, and the impact of parenting styles on narcissistic traits. Our discussion highlights the importance of understanding narcissism as a spectrum and the need for realistic self-reflection.

Narcissism: A Trait or Personality Disorder?

Tue, 14 Jan 2025 02:00:00 +0000

Narcissism is a hot topic! It’s important to talk about and super helpful to understand, but we often use these terms out of context, which is quite confusing. Let’s take a deeper look at what narcissism really is!

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What is Narcissism?

If you look at the literature regarding narcissism, there is no consensus on what it really is - no one can agree. But we do know some things. Narcissism is a trait. I like to think about it as a continuum with ‘normal’ narcissism on the healthy side and pathological narcissism on the unhealthy side. However, there are some researchers who split normal and pathological narcissism into two different continuums (Pincus and Lukowitsky, 2010, p. 424). We actually all need some narcissism, but excessive narcissism leads to all kinds of personality disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder. Kind of like salt. We need salt to bring out flavors in a recipe, but too much salt is gross! Have you ever licked a salt block? Accidentally inhaled ocean water? No thank you! Another piece to understand about narcissism is that it has low stability, meaning that it can go up and down like a rollercoaster depending on whether the narcissism is being supplied or not. Basically, narcissists need ego cookies. If fed, they don’t necessarily act out, but if they aren’t being fed, you’ll know right quick they’re jonesing for some ego juice!

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How Does Narcissism Develop?

Healthy Narcissism in Early Childhood
Infants are little narcissists, and they should be! They’re completely dependent. In fact, they don’t know they exist outside of their mother. They think, “I am mom, and mom is me.” They need mom, the almighty being in order to survive, and that’s healthy. It’s necessary. A bit later on, they LOVE to look at themselves in the mirror. It’s technically narcissistic, but its purpose is to start to gain a sense of identity and otherness (i.e. This is MY nose. I have a mouth, not mama’s mouth, MY mouth). It’s not healthy for an adult to enmesh with another, merging their identity so that they can’t differentiate whose perspective, emotions, and needs are whose. Thus, early on in development, narcissism is adaptive and healthy.

Photo by Shot By Ireland on Unsplash

Self-talk in toddlers is also narcissistic. I’ve watched my child across the table spill their milk, look directly at me, and state, “Mama, you spilled the milk!” I looked confused, and the follow up was, “Mama, I didn’t spill the milk. YOU did.” What a great example of denying “badness” and projecting (blaming) it onto someone else. In toddlerhood, this is acceptable. They’re still learning and separating the self from the other. They’re building their sense of confidence and power. As an adult, it’s not healthy, for example, for a boss to mess up a meeting time and blame it on the innocent secretary.

Photo by KATRIN BOLOVSTOVA

Egocentrism is also something that is part of normal development in early childhood (approximately between ages 2-7 depending on the theory). Have you ever FaceTimed a 3-year-old who started talking about something THEY saw, assuming you could see it as well, but all you can see is their cute little face? Or ask a 3-year-old what they want to get [an adult] for Christmas. Chances are it will be what THEY like. Not because they are self-centered, but because they can’t yet understand someone else’s perspective. They like the object, so the adult must like the object too. I’ve received lovely “prizes” of crayon wrappers, cardboard from under a Walmart shelf, and rocks…so many rocks… It’s actually beautiful. But if another adult gave me the leopard print skirt they wanted, I’d have a great example of unhealthy narcissism.

Photo by Joseph Rosales on Unsplash

Healthy Narcissism in Adolescence and Adulthood

Adolescent egocentrism also happens during the teenage years, but it looks different. During this time, teens are so concerned about themselves that they feel like they’re on a stage with an imaginary audience. They think all their peers are looking at them and noticing that one small zit they popped the night before. Another expression of egocentrism is their false sense of invincibility. For example, a driving teenager might speed because THEY are special and invincible, and a crash wouldn’t happen to them - only others.

Even as an adult, narcissism can be on the healthy, functional end. Confidence and assertiveness can be placed on a narcissistic spectrum from others’ perspectives, but there’s a HUGE difference between saying, “I’m a good clinician…(and so is she)…(and I can always be better)…” versus, “I’m the best clinician…(and she isn’t)…and (I’m superior with no room for growth).” Healthy narcissism falls somewhere in the middle of being a doormat with no narcissistic protection and being a total jerk.

Photo by RDNE Stock Project

How Does Narcissism Become Unhealthy?

Otto Kernberg (1984/1988)

Kernberg discussed how developmentally appropriate narcissism happens when a child sees the self and world as ‘all good’ or ‘all bad.’ However, if this process continues into later development, it becomes grandiosity - a defense against any realistic ‘badness.’ Moreover, it creates a person who can’t tolerate threats to their perfection, but because humans are imperfect, it leads to severe distress and often depressive episodes. Kernberg believes that people with high narcissism had cold, harsh parents who held high, unrealistic expectations. The child then had to cope by being perfect and rejecting any imperfection/badness. It’s like “fake-it-til-you-make-it,” but they could never stop faking it.

Heinz Kohut (1971/1977)

Kohut hit on appropriate narcissism a little later in development than Kernberg, viewing it as normal and functional to help a child feel secure and stable, as well as to learn to tolerate distress. Ideally, it’s teaching a child using their own narcissism (“Mama, I didn’t spill the milk. YOU did.”) to develop into a more realistic self (“Mama, I spilled the milk. But it’s okay. I’ll clean it up.”). According to Kohut, unhealthy narcissism can develop when parents neglect (lack of support or mirroring) or enmesh (overinvolved, excessive support), which results in losing opportunities to tolerate and regulate the self when facing realistic ‘badness.’ Think of the excessive parent who starts blaming the referee for their child’s mistake in a sports game. At some point, children have to learn that they are not all-powerful or all-good (usually the cause of toddler tantrums). If that grief process is skipped, it hinders development of a realistic self.

Photo by Mitya Zotov

Theorists stemming from social learning have noted that overindulgent and permissive parenting (entitlement) on parents’ part results in the child being conditioned to receive praise, gifts, and rewards with no effort. The child learns to expect rewards regardless of performance. They never learn that they are imperfect and that they have to tolerate and regulate themselves when faced with their own ‘badness.’ This would capture the child who believes they deserve an A even though they didn’t do any of their homework the entire semester.

Photo by Lians Jadan on Unsplash

In sum, narcissism is a trait we can map on a continuum from normal (healthy) to pathological (unhealthy). We all need some narcissism to function well. It’s part of healthy development, especially when we’re little. It’s like salt, bringing out the flavors of our personality so we’re not a doormat. However, in excess, it can be too salty, and possibly even repulsive! Are you concerned about your levels of narcissism? Maybe you’ve even been affected by a narcissistic relationship? Therapists can help with that! If in the state of Virginia or Pennsylvania, reach out to see if we would be a good fit: https://www.questpsych.org/dr-cheyenne-fisher. Another wonderful resource is www.psychologytoday.com to find a therapist near you!

Photo by cottonbro studio

References

Benjamin, L. S. (1993). Interpersonal and treatment of personality disorders. Guilford Press.
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press.
Kernberg, O. F. (1988). Object relations theory in clinical practice. Psychoanalysis Quarterly, 57, 481-504.
Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. International University Press.
Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. International University Press.
Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality: DSM-III, Axis II. John Wiley & Sons.
Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 421–446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215

Ep 07: Personalities That Kill

Tue, 30 Jul 2024 02:00:01 +0000

In this episode of the Personality Couch Podcast, we discuss personality darkness and specifically focus on personalities that are prone to violence and extreme behavior. We also discuss two important research studies, the Milgram study and the Stanford prison experiment, that shed light on the capacity for humans to engage in harmful acts. We then delve into the different personality types within Cluster A (schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid); Cluster B (borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic); and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive) and discuss their risk levels for violence and murder. In this conversation, we also explore sadistic personalities, a category not included in the DSM, but included in multiple other personality theories. We highlight the characteristics and behaviors associated with each type and discuss the potential for violence and destructive behavior. The conversation emphasizes the importance of understanding these personalities and their potential risks in order to promote awareness and better understanding of human behavior.

Personalities That Kill

Tue, 30 Jul 2024 02:00:00 +0000

One of my favorite topics to dive into is the darkness of humanity and thus the darkness of personalities. Harm to others surrounds us in a ridiculous amount of ways, which makes many people think about not only what others around them are capable of, but of what they, themselves are capable of. The popularity of true crime, dark genres, horror media, etc., provides evidence that people are interested in this topic. And of course, there’s always some recent event that can remind us of the darkness people have in them. There is SO much I could say about this topic (Listen to podcast episode 07 for much more information), but for now, I’m just going to address the question:

🚩What personalities are at the most risk to kill? 🚩

In my opinion, there are three main personality types that fall into the high risk category. I’m going to start with the “least” risky and end with the “most” risky, though please remember that all still are at high risk.

Narcissistic Personalities

Medium Risk to High Risk

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The thing to remember about narcissism is that those who kill are quite likely to at least have high narcissistic traits, but not necessarily a narcissistic personality structure/disorder. Narcissistic personalities are all about image, ego, and the self, needing admiration and presenting with superiority, grandiosity, and charm (see Episode 04 podcast/blog for more info on narcissistic personalities). They value image so much that they can harm others in their pursuit and maintenance of it. However, there are some types of narcissistic personalities that are at higher risk for actually killing. While some narcissistic personalities are “more pure,” their focus on image is mostly about climbing the social ladder (e.g. Elitist subtype from Millon, p. 397). Now, they’ll react with anger, hostility, and even emotional/verbal abuse, but they’re not apt to physically kill. In contrast, there are some types who connect power with image, resulting in destruction. Millon’s “Unprincipled” subtype of narcissistic personality (Millon, p. 402) is at high risk for killing due to lack of remorse, lack of social conscience, vengefulness, and maliciousness. This subtype includes antisocial features, seen in their desire to humiliate and dominate others. Millon’s “Unprincipled” narcissist seems to be similar to the PDM-2’s mention of the “Malignant” narcissist (PDM-2, p. 46), whose narcissism is combined with sadistic aggression… 🚩Yikes!!

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Paranoid Personalities

High Risk

Paranoid personalities are tricky. You never really fully know a paranoid personality since they show different faces to different people, which they do because they are suspicious, distrustful, and fearful of others and the world (see Episode 04 podcast/blog for more info on paranoid personalities). They view the world as threatening and against them, and in their defense against this, they tend to attack before being attacked. They can’t handle their own pain and so they transfer it onto others, often in a dramatic manner. They are at a very high risk for destroying others and then themselves, while projecting their own pain onto the masses - such as in a murder-suicide event. It wouldn’t surprise me if many mass murderers have paranoid personality structures. However, while unhealthy paranoid personalities are dangerous in general, some might be most dangerous to themselves (Millon’s “Insular” subtype, p. 975) or in other ways outside of murder (Millon’s “Fanatic” subtype, p. 983). In contrast, Millon’s “Querulously” subtype (Millon, p. 974) tend to be hostile and have delusions, often erotic ones that can result in behaviors like stalking, killing for their object of infatuation, or even killing their actual object of affection. More concerning is Millon’s “Malignant” subtype (Millon, p. 987) who tend to be previous sadistic types who have “fallen apart.” …🚩🚩No bueno!

Antisocial Personalities

High Risk

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Antisocial personalities are boundary-crossing, as they tend to disregard and violate the rights of others, social norms, and the law. They are often deceptive, sneaky, and charming on the outside, but can also be impulsive, aggressive, and/or reckless (see Episode 04 podcast/blog for more info on antisocial personalities). In my opinion, antisocial personalities can be somewhat less dangerous than sadistic personalities, because there are some types who are more at risk for harm to themselves (Millon’s “Risk-Taking” subtype, p. 451) or just withdrawal from society (Millon’s “Nomadic” subtype, p. 455). In contrast, Millon’s “Reputation-Defending” subtype (Millon, p. 453) is high in narcissism as well, with a focus on looking tough and powerful with high status. They might have positions of power and rule with aggressive leadership, likely finding a place in extremist groups/cultures. They are very likely to engage in violent acts to “confirm” their own strength, viewing their victims/enemies as the wrongdoers, which they feel condones their violence.

Millon’s “Malevolent” subtype (Millon, p. 458) is perhaps one of the most dangerous personality types, especially as they are paired with paranoid or sadistic features. They tend to be revenge-driven, vindictive, hateful, and destructive. Millon’s bone-chilling description of them on p. 458 includes the statement, “Distrustful of others and anticipating betrayal and punishment, they have acquired a cold-blooded ruthlessness, an intense desire to gain revenge for the real or imagined mistreatment to which they were subjected in childhood.” …Even more scary, they can usually grasp the concept of remorse/guilt in their minds and even experience it emotionally, but they disregard it🚩🚩🚩. This type seems to be the one that comes to mind when we hear the word “psychopath,” and interestingly, it seems to correlate with the PDM-2’s “Aggressive” subtype of antisocial personality (PDM-2, p. 50).

Sadistic Personalities

High Risk 🚩🚩🚩🚩

Photo by Kurt Cotoaga on Unsplash

This category of personality is a bit confusing. The DSM-5-TR does not include sadistic personality disorder, but Millon and the PDM-2 separate sadistic and antisocial personalities. The overall core of sadistic personalities is their enjoyment of inflicting pain on others (see Episode 05 podcast/blog on Millon’s types or Episode 06 podcast/blog on Psychodynamic types for more info on sadistic personalities). Some sadistic personalities feel like they are entitled to control or punish others, often taking positions of power in militaries, schools, or legal systems, as they also have some compulsive traits. Their power leads to feelings of arrogance and superiority, resulting in a tendency to view their “victims” as inferior and maybe not even human - but all this is wrapped up in their “righteous” exterior that they portray as moral (Millon’s “Enforcing” subtype, p. 637). Some sadists are actually very fearful and use violence to disguise their fear, moving against it through counterphobic action. They can be quite cruel and often find themselves in groups with a shared victim, like a hate group - somewhere to put their anger about their own weakness (Millon’s “Spineless” subtype, p. 637). Some might possibly kill those closest to them in an uncontrollable and unpredictable rage that tends to not be premeditated but impulsive. (Millon’s “Explosive” subtype, p. 641).

The one I find the most severely brutal and horrifying is Millon’s “Tyrannical” subtype (Millon, p. 642), which can have paranoid and/or negativistic features. They enjoy destroying, abusing, assaulting, and terrorizing. They are the devious, composed predators who seek out weak prey, and when they attack, they do so with no remorse, unable to stop until their rage is exhausted. Millon states, “What is also especially distinctive is the desire and willingness of these sadists to go out of their way to be unmerciful and inhumane in their violence” (Millon, p. 645), adequately describing them as being “distressingly ‘evil’” (Millon, p. 642).

Hopefully, this helps you better understand your true crime shows and villains in the media you consume. I wouldn’t wish a relationship with these risky types on anyone! It gives a bit of a new meaning to the concept of red flag 🚩. Beware and be well!

Narcissistic Personality | Personality Couch

Ep 54: Antisocial vs Narcissistic Personality | What's the Difference?

Antisocial Personality vs. Narcissistic Personality

Antisocial and Narcisstic in the DSM1

Stone’s Spectrum4 & Hare’s Checklist6

Millon’s Passive Narcissist vs. Active Antisocial3

Millon’s Narcissistic & Antisocial Overlapping Subtypes3

References

Ep 28: The Post Pandemic Narcissist | Unmasking Paranoid Personality

Paranoid Personality: The Post-Pandemic Narcissist?

Why You Need to Understand Paranoid Personality

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder? (DSM-5-TR Criteria)

Warning Signs of Paranoid Personality (Outside of the DSM)

Overlap of Paranoid and Narcissistic Personalities

Why We Think Paranoid Personality is the Post-Pandemic Narcissist

References

Ep 27: What's Worse Than a Narcissist? | The Baddest of Them All

50 Shades of Personality Darkness

The Dangerous Personality Types

Negative Personalities

Negative Traits

Severely Negative Traits

Severe Personality Disorders

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Malignant Narcissism

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Psychopathy

Sociopathy/Non-Violent Psychopathy

Violent Psychopathy

Sadism

Sadistic Personality

Sadism with Terrorism

References

Ep 26: Malignant Narcissists in Politics | Their Rise and Fall to Power

How Malignant Narcissists Rise to Power

A Nation’s Daddy Issues

Setting the Stage

Narcoticizing the Followers

The Honeymoon Phase

Characteristics of Malignant Narcissistic Leaders

The Glitter of Grandiosity

Language, Beliefs, and the Narcissist’s Script

Crisis or Photo Op?

Cracking at the Seams: Cognitive Decline and Psychotic Drift

The Need for Enemies: Fueling the Paranoid Fire

After the Crown: What Happens When the Curtain Falls

The Collapse: Illusions Unmasked

The Reckoning: Trauma in the Wake

Rebuilding: Rising from the Rubble

Final Thought: The Mirror of History

References

Ep 25: The Malignant Narcissist's Mind | The Stairway to Evil

The Malignant Narcissist

Is Malignant Narcissism Evil?

The Conceptual Development of Malignant Narcissism

The 4 Parts of Malignant Narcissism

1. Narcissism

2. Antisocial Behavior

3. Sadism/Aggression

4. Paranoid Orientation

References

Ep 24: The Communal Narcissist's Altruistic Illusion

A Helpful, 'Saintly' Narcissist?! - Unpacking Communal Narcissism

What Does Communal Narcissism Look Like?

Where Do We Find Communal Narcissists?

But How Do You Know Helping Has Gone Bad?

So What Happens When A Communal Narcissist Exists Within A Relationship?

References

Ep 23: The 4 Narcissistic Subtypes You Need to Know

4 Subtypes of Narcissism: Grandiose, Communal, Malignant, and Vulnerable

Grandiose Narcissists

Communal Narcissists (a form of Grandiose)

Malignant Narcissists (a form of Grandiose)

Vulnerable Narcissists

References

Ep 22: Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism | The Mirror Has Two Faces

What's Up with Covert/Overt and Vulnerable/Grandiose Narcissism?

Expressions of Overt Narcissism & Covert Narcissism

Themes of Grandiose Narcissism & Vulnerable Narcissism

Antisocial and Narcisstic in the DSM¹

Stone’s Spectrum⁴ & Hare’s Checklist⁶

Millon’s Passive Narcissist vs. Active Antisocial³

Millon’s Narcissistic & Antisocial Overlapping Subtypes³